"The Tales of Heike Study Guide." The Tales of Heike Study Guide. Japanese literature scholar and translator Royall Tyler prefaces his 2012 translation of The Tale of the Heike with a glossary of eighty-two "principal figures"; the high number reflects the reality of many families with conflicting and shifting loyalties interacting at home and afield. Cambridge University Press, 2015. Misfortunes of the Taira are blamed on Taira no Kiyomori (his evil deeds caused the suffering of the whole Taira clan). Events move beyond him at such a rate that Shigemori can never succeed. Aoi, a servant girl (sht, or ue-warawa, that is, a servant to a lady-in-waiting). Captured Taira are paraded along the streets of the capital with many spectators pitying their fate. The Taira that escape struggle to deal with being apart from their family. They become enemies. The book was first published in 1219 and the latest edition of the book was published in October 1st 2012 which eliminates all the known issues . Koremori comes to this priest, becomes a monk himself and goes on a pilgrimage to Kumano. There she devotes herself to Buddhist practices. Minamoto no Yoritomo receives Shigehira, who claims that burning Nara temples was an accident. With the Taira's defeat in 1185 and the establishment of a new warrior government by the victorious Minamoto, the medieval age began. Taira no Kiyomori agrees to calm the political situation when people begin to worry that the Taira family will soon collapse. This tale is about the Genpei War that occurred for 5 years, 1180-1185 and is a conflict between two clans: Taira and Minamoto. Kiso no Yoshinaka leaves the capital to fight the Taira but is attacked by Minamoto no Yoshitsune. Another well-known read lineage text is the very long Genpei jsuiki, which most likely reached its current form in the 15th century and was a very important source for noh playwrights during that same period. Prince Mochihito avoids arrest by fleeing from the capital to Miidera. (2021, March 31). [] It brings together information about Kiyomori's daughter Kenreimon'in, the mother of Emperor Antoku. In a famous scene, Yoshinaka is killed when his horse is stuck in the muddy field. "The Initiate's Book" is different from the earlier books of The Tales of the Heike. Kiso no Yoshinaka is a cousin of Minamoto no Yoritomo. In total, the Minamoto have about 3000 vessels against the Taira's 1000. [2] The most widely read version of the Heike monogatari was compiled by a blind monk named Kakuichi,[3] in 1371. In the autumn of 1185, Taira no Tokuko moves to a remote Buddhist retreat at Jakk-in in the Ohara mountains to avoid public attention. 6 Thus, Heike existed as both a coherent narrative about the war and discrete shorter episodes that stood on their own. In 1183, the Taira gather a large army (mainly from western provinces) and send it against Minamoto no Yoshinaka and Minamoto no Yoritomo. The story is roughly divided into three sections, covering a span of ninety years, from 1131 to 1221. Kiyomori, under pressure from temples and courtiers, moves the capital back to Kyoto. In Course Hero. Naozane overpowers him, but then hesitates to kill him since he reminds him of his own young son. It is a type of millennium thinking. He develops a terrible fever and eventually dies in agony. Taira no Munemori flees to the provinces as the Taira evacuate the capital city. Yoshinaka sends forces against them, but this time the Taira are victorious in the battle of Mizushima. War continues after Kiyomori falls sick and dies in agony. Kanehira fights his last battle and commits suicide. Kiyomori's son Taira no Shigemori convinces his father not to be so vicious. The story of the Heike was compiled from a collection of oral stories recited by travelling monks who chanted to the accompaniment of the biwa, an instrument reminiscent of the lute. The theme of impermanence (muj) is captured in the famous opening passage: The sound of the Gion Shja bells echoes the impermanence of all things; the color of the sla flowers reveals the truth that the prosperous must decline. Edited by Harou Shirane and Tomi Suzuki, with David Lurie. It has been translated into English at least five times, the first by Arthur Lindsay Sadler in 19181921. Hearing a rumor about a possible attack on Enryaku-ji, one of the Shishi-no-tani conspirators informs Taira no Kiyomori of the plot. Is decline an inevitable part of existence? Her life is haunted by the memories of her dead relatives but she dedicates her life to prayer and religion. Kenreimon'in retires to a monastery and dies alone. 10 There are many monks who give their lives to defend their temples. Book the Second: The Golden Thread Chapters 14-17. The violence enacted by Kiyomori will unleash a wave of war, death, and cruelty. According to Kenk, "The former governor of Shinano, Yukinaga, wrote Heike monogatari and told it to a blind man called Shbutsu to chant it". His cruel and arrogant behavior soon angers other powerful people. Then, Yoritomo kills Minamoto no Noriyori (Yoshitsune's half brother) who is reluctant to go against Yoshitsune. Natural sights evoke images of Sukhavati and impermanence in her mind. Ogoreru mono mo hisashikarazu, tada haru no yo no yume no gotoshi. Heike () refers to the Taira (), hei being the on'yomi reading of the first kanji and "ke" () means family. Kiyomori learns about the Minamoto family's plans. http://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/a-literary-analysis-of-the-tale-of-heike-gF9SgHNV Be sure to capitalize proper nouns (e.g. The Genji emerged victorious at the end of the war, but, as the title implies, the Tale of the Heike is as much a paean to the losers as the story of how the victors prevailed. Theodore de Bary, at Columbia University. The Tale of the Heike (Heike monogatari, ) is an epic account of the struggle between the Taira and Minamoto clans for control of Japan at the end of the twelfth century in the Gempei War (1180-1185). By the Edo period, blind professionals (including reciters of the tale) had been organized into a guild, referred to as the Tdza, which held exclusive permission to perform and transmit the Heike, among other tasks. How/why does the prime minister Kiyomori bring ruin not only upon himself but also upon his entire clan? The two main themes are set in the famous introduction (the bells of the Gion Shja): impermanence and the fall of the mighty (Taira no Kiyomori). He retires as the Emperor but continues to influence politics from behind the scenes. With no doubts, The Tale of the Heike is one of the most influential, well-known and renowned classics in Japanese literature. After the exchange of arrows from a distance main forces begin fighting. Kiyomori sends a military expedition to put down the rebellion of Yoritomo. Author. 2 The Taira warrior family sowed the seeds of their own destruction with acts of arrogance and pride that led to their defeat in 1185 at the hands of the revitalized Minamoto, and the first establishment of samurai government. Also translated by Helen McCullough in 1988. In some cases, the independent nature of the individual ku led to elaboration within that tradition. Messengers bring news of anti-Taira forces gathering under the Minamoto leadership in the eastern provinces, Kysh, Shikoku. Then he goes to Fukuhara and brings back the Imperial Edict from Go-Shirakawa permitting Minamoto no Yoritomo to overthrow the Taira. Kenreimon'in is the only character who is welcomed into the afterlife. The retired Emperor Go-Shirakawa begins a feud with a group of monks. Introduction The Tale of the Heike is written account of the power tussle between the clans in Japan, which were the Taira and Minamoto clans. The Tales of the Heike presents a strange situation to the reader. In 1184, Taira no Shigehira (captured alive) and the heads of the defeated Taira are paraded in the streets of the capital. Like most epics (the work is an epic chronicle in prose rather than verse), it is the result of the conglomeration of differing versions passed down through an oral tradition by biwa-playing bards known as biwa hshi. The Tale of the Heike begins at the end of the Heian Period. Kiyomori's son Taira no Munemori takes over as the head of the Taira family. Web. While tinged with Buddhism, it is also a samurai epic focusing on warrior culture an ideology that ultimately laid the groundwork for bushido (the way of the warrior). In late 1183, Minamoto no Yoritomo (still in Kamakura) is appointed by the Retired Emperor Go-Shirakawa as a "barbarian-subduing commander" (shgun). [] It constitutes a single literary entity a tale in the old monogatari style, rich in poetic imagery, rhythmic passages, waka, and melancholy associations.[19]. Warriors from Shikoku and Kysh also switch sides and support the Minamoto. 8-[4] The Flight from the Dazaifu The Taira, out-numbered, flee this Kysh post. The open conflict between the Minamoto and the Taira is triggered by Kiyomori's son Taira no Munemori humiliating Minamoto no Yorimasa's son by taking away his horse and calling it by the owner's name. Records reveal that, occasionally, the 200 ku of Heike were performed over the course of many days, with either a solo performer or a pair of performers alternating ku, but it was more common that one or several individual ku were performed as one event. Kitagawa, Hiroshi and Bruce T. Tsuchida, eds. Before the battle, Yoshitsune argues (about leading the attack) and almost fights with Kajiwara Kagetoki (Minamoto commander jealous of Yoshitsune). Haruo Shirane. The Minamoto defeat the Taira in a victory at Ichi-no-tani. What is the role of nature, particularly the beauty of the natural world? The read-lineage texts are culturally important, although they generally have received less attention in the West as they do not conform as easily to our notions of epic. The oldest dated Heike variant is in fact a read-lineage text, the Engybon, whose colophon dates it to 1309. Emperor Go-Shirakawa helps the Minamoto and the war begins. (1975). This page was last edited on 24 January 2020, at 20:58. https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=The_Tale_of_the_Heike&oldid=1031341, Art, music, literature, sports and leisure, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. In 1192, Retired Emperor Go-Shirakawa dies (age 66). He meets with his foster-brother Imai Kanehira and they try to escape from pursuing enemy forces. The small Taira forces lose more battles and are close to being completely destroyed. This story documents the struggle for leadership and control between both clans at the end of the 12th century in the Genpei War, taking place from 1180 to 1185. [citation needed] The central figure of the first section is Taira no Kiyomori who is described as arrogant, evil, ruthless and so consumed by the fires of hatred that even in death his feverish body does not cool when immersed in water. He exiles enemies rather than executing them. Briefly summarize "A Tale of the Sky World . Because of the conflict between Saik's sons and shei of Enryaku-ji on Mount Hiei, the plot has to be postponed. Angered by the Taira dominance, Major Counselor Fujiwara no Narichika, Retired Emperor Go-Shirakawa, Buddhist monk Saik and others meet at Shishigatani (the villa of the temple administrator Shunkan) and plot a conspiracy to overthrow Kiyomori. Other conspirators (Naritsune, Yasuyori and Shunkan) are exiled to Kikaijima near Satsuma Province. Yoshinaka wins Mount Hiei monks over to his side. Around 1240 the stories were gathered together into an epic by an unknown author. Performance tradition texts like the Kakuichibon are comprised of about 200 episodes, referred to as ku. Minamoto Yoshinaka defeats the Taira and forces them to retreat from Kyoto, but when he attempts to assume leadership of the Minamoto clan, Minamoto no Yoritomo sends his brothers Yoshitsune and Noriyori to depose him. When Yoritomo sends a large force led by Hj Tokimasa against him, Yoshitsune flees from the capital to a northern province. Yokobue became a nun and died soon. She has lost many close family members and friends. Two main strands feed into the central ethos of the tale, samurai and buddhist. It is clear that he will be executed. Kiyomori is no longer restrained by his son's sensible advice. He understands a core message of The Tales of the Heike which is that violence only leads to more violence. Yoritomo (still suspicious) orders the execution of Rokudai (age 30+), and the Taira line comes to an end. The biwa-hoshi, blind monks who recited the tale while they accompanied themselves with the biwa (a Japanese short-necked fretted lute), made the story familiar among common people throughout Japan. Character notes Taira no Atsumori (1169-1184), the youngest son of Tsunemori (a brother to Kiyomori), and known as a flautist. The English translation used in this LitChart was published in 1976. The story is intended to be told in a series of nightly installments. In a famous passage, a Taira lady in a boat holds a fan as a challenge to the Minamoto warriors and Nasu no Yoichi, a skillful young Minamoto archer, hits the fan with his arrow. Divine forces punish and kill the governor appointed by Kiyomori to put down Kiso no Yoshinaka's rebellion. 37-48. This can be seen clearly with the treatment of Kiyomori in The Tale of the Heike, who is cruel throughout his life, and later falls into a painful illness that kills him. Download a PDF to print or study offline. Next, Kiyomori imprisons Retired Emperor Go-Shirakawa in the desolate Seinan palace (1179). This is an important concept that will be mentioned frequently in the course of the study. Kiyomori's wife has a dream about a carriage in flames that will take Kiyomori to Hell for burning Buddhist statues in the Tdai-ji. They eventually met their ends in a sea battle, defeated by the valiant Minamoto general Yoshitsune, but that victory came at great cost: the child emperor drowned, and the sacred sword was lost with him. Translated by Royall Tyler (Penguin, 2012), pp. Often characters seek enlightenment, or atone for their sins, by entering religious life. It also promulgates Buddhist teachings; the theme of the impermanence of the material world appears throughout the story, and the fates of the characters are preordained by the good or evil deeds of prior existences. [4] Those who emphasise this aspect of the story point to its glorification of the heroic spirit, its avoidance of the realistic brutality and squalor of war, and its aestheticisation of death:[5] a classic instance of the latter is the comparison of the drowned samurai in the final battle to a maple-leaf brocade upon the waves.[6]. What is instead the Buddhist response to this universal condition in the Tale of the Heike? The Taira family remain on the run and struggle to find somewhere safe to rally their forces. A literary analysis of the tale of heike. Yoshinaka barely breaks through the enemy forces. Retired Emperor Takakura angers the monks of Enryaku-ji by going to the Itsukushima Shrine instead of the Enryaku-ji. Posted on December 2, 2020 by December 2, 2020 by She dies as a religious person and is welcomed into the afterlife. Upload them to earn free Course Hero access! Transcribed in Twentieth and Twenty-first Century, CFP: journal issue on World Epics in Puppet Theater, Video including an excerpt from the Heike monogatari and images from the collection, The First Man across the Uji River and the Battle of Awazugahara, Educational resources/worksheet for Samurai Warrior codes in art and literature, Samurai Warrior Codes: Comparing Perspectives from the Kamakura, Muromachi, and Edo Periods, The Actor Ichikawa Ebizo II as Imperial Guard Watanabe Kiso in the four-act play Onna moji Heike monogatari, Battles at Ichi-no-tani Mountain and Yashima, Study of the Illustrations of the Tales of the Heike, Scene from the Battle of Yashima from the Tale of the Heike, Kog and The Imperial Procession to hara, Fishermans Festival Robe (Maiwai) with Waves, Ship, and Fan, The Genpei War and the Tale of the Heike, Japans Greatest War Story, Columbia University Website Cookie Notice. The Tales of Heike Study Guide. Minamoto no Yoritomo's distrust of Minamoto no Yoshitsune grows. Stanford University Press, 2000. 13 31 Mar. 11 Meanwhile, the Enryaku-ji complex is destroyed and a fire at the Zenk-ji destroys a Buddhist statue. [citation needed]. Taira no Kiyomori falls sick. Without Shigemori's restraining influence, Kiyomori is close to open war with Retired Emperor Go-Shirakawa. The story of the Heike Monogatari was compiled from a collection of oral stories composed and recited by traveling monks, who chanted them to the accompaniment of the biwa, a four-stringed instrument reminiscent of the lute. The Tales of Heike | Character Analysis Share Emperor Go-Shirakawa Emperor Go-Shirakawa is a very powerful man in Japan but he spends most of The Tales of the Heike under arrest. Shigemori dies after predicting his father's disgrace. The main figure of the second section is the Minamoto general Minamoto no Yoshinaka. Taira no Munemori, the leader of the Taira clan, is conferred a high rank in the court administration. In the spring of 1186, Retired Emperor Go-Shirakawa makes a visit to the mountain retreat. Moreover, as it is true that there are frequent steps back, and that the style is not the same throughout the composition, this cannot mean anything but that it is a collective work. The Tale of the Heike recounts the struggle for power between the Taira (or Heike) and Minamoto (or Genji) houses in the late twelfth century. Yoshitsune delivers Munemori to Minamoto no Yoritomo in Kamakura, but after Kajiwara Kagetoki's slander, Yoritomo suspects Yoshitsune of treachery and does not allow him to enter Kamakura. Retrieved January 18, 2023, from https://www.coursehero.com/lit/The-Tales-of-Heike/. De Bary, William Theodore, and Irene Bloom. In 1191, Tokuko falls ill, dies invoking Amitbha's name and is welcomed by Amitbha to Sukhavati. Fujiwara no Narichika's son Naritsune and Yasuyori are pardoned, but Shunkan is left alone on Kikaijima for letting the anti-Taira conspirators gather at his villa. She has lost many close family members and friends. Those exiled to Kikaijima build a shrine where they pray for return to capital. He arranges marriages and appoints governors. When the Taira lose the war against the Minamoto, she decides to dedicate her life to religion. At Shio-no-yama, Yoshinaka helps his uncle Yoshiie to defeat the Taira forces (Kiyomori's son Tomonori is killed in the battle). The Minamoto win more battles and the Taira flee or die. The potential Taira heirs are executed. The Tales of Heike describe the conflict between the Taira and Minamoto clan's in the Kamakura period. Memories of the violence of their deaths, of course, also haunted later generations, and telling their stories hallowed those memories. "The Initiate's Book" is also the most explicitly religious part of The Tales of the Heike. An informer shows the cloister where Koremori's family (including Rokudai) is hiding. 18 Jan. 2023. 7-[19] The Flight of the Heike from the Capital --- A total of 7,000 Taira, all that is left of the clan due to their losses across the country, retreat south. One of the pieces reaches the shore. The retired Emperor Go-Shirakawa begins to plot against Kiyomori. Kiso no Yoshinaka wins a major battle at Yokotagawara (1182). Taira no Munemori and his son Kiyomune are executed, their heads hung near a prison gate in the capital. Copyright 2016. Emperor Takakura retires and is replaced by his very young son Emperor Antoku. Taira no Noritsune, Kiyomori's nephew and a strong warrior, fails to have a fight with Minamoto no Yoshitsune and dies fighting bravely. The story glorifies the military values of loyalty, bravery, and strong leadership, and recounts great deeds of honor and duty, self-sacrifice, clever deceit and unexpected outcomes. Mongaku is an ascetic with strange powers who requested donations at the court in 1179. and in 1160 he is promoted to the stellar level of Third Rank, a huge breakthrough for his clan (there are hundreds of nobles with the Fourth Rank, which is sort of a glass ceiling for nearly everyone, and only a handful that ever attain the Third Rank). There were various calculations as to when this nadir would arrive, but the widely believed doctrine at the time was that it began around 1050. Kiyomori ignores Taira no Shigemori and executes enemies. The Minamoto win a comprehensive victory and many Taira men are killed. That burning Nara temples was an accident which is that violence only leads more. Posted on December 2, 2020 by December 2, 2020 by she dies as a religious person is! Book '' is also the most explicitly religious part of the natural world for. [ ] it brings together information about Kiyomori 's son Tomonori is killed when his is! 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